Should Psychiatrists Prescribe GLP-1 Medications? An Evidence-Based Perspective

Key Points

• GLP-1 medications are safe from a psychiatric perspective and don’t increase risk of depression or suicidality
• These medications improve mental health-related quality of life and eating behaviors beyond their effects on weight
• Lower doses combined with comprehensive psychological and lifestyle support produce excellent results with minimal side effects
• GLP-1s reduce inflammation, which directly benefits mood and neurotransmitter function
• Psychiatrists are well-positioned to prescribe GLP-1s as part of integrated metabolic-psychiatric care

I want to address a question that comes up constantly in psychiatric circles right now. Should psychiatrists be prescribing GLP-1 receptor agonist medications?

You know these drugs. Semaglutide (Wegovy, Ozempic), liraglutide (Saxenda, Victoza), tirzepatide (Zepbound, Mounjaro). They’ve been all over the news. Originally developed for diabetes, then approved for obesity, and now showing promise for various psychiatric conditions including binge eating disorder, substance use disorders, and possibly depression itself.

The question isn’t whether these medications work for weight loss. That’s established. The question is whether psychiatrists should be the ones prescribing them, particularly for patients dealing with both obesity and mental health concerns.

My answer is yes. With important caveats about training and monitoring, but fundamentally, yes.

I prescribe these medications regularly in my practice. Not at the high doses you see in weight loss clinics, but at lower doses combined with comprehensive psychological and lifestyle support. My patients do really well with this approach. They get meaningful results with minimal side effects, and more importantly, they’re building sustainable skills rather than just depending on medication.

Let me explain why I think psychiatrists should be prescribing these medications, what the evidence shows, and how I actually use them in practice.

Why This Question Even Comes Up

Traditionally, psychiatrists prescribe psychiatric medications. We manage antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, anxiolytics. We might prescribe medications for ADHD or sleep. But we generally don’t prescribe medications primarily indicated for metabolic conditions.

Except we kind of already do. Many psychiatric medications have profound metabolic effects. Atypical antipsychotics can cause dramatic weight gain and increase diabetes risk. We monitor metabolic parameters. We order glucose and lipid panels. We think about metabolic consequences when choosing medications.

So it’s not that metabolic considerations are foreign to psychiatric practice. They’re already part of what we do, even if we haven’t always done it well.

What’s new is actively prescribing medications whose primary indication is metabolic (obesity, diabetes) but that also have psychiatric effects. That’s the shift that makes some psychiatrists uncomfortable.

But here’s my perspective. If we’re serious about integrated care for patients with both metabolic and psychiatric conditions, if we truly understand that these systems are inseparable, then psychiatrists being involved in metabolic treatment makes complete sense.

Not all psychiatrists need to prescribe GLP-1s. But those of us who specialize in metabolic psychiatry, who work primarily with patients dealing with both obesity and mental health concerns, we should absolutely have this in our toolkit.

What Are GLP-1 Receptor Agonists? (Brief Background)

Let me give you quick background for context.

GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is a hormone your gut naturally produces after eating. It does several things. It stimulates insulin secretion, which lowers blood sugar. It slows gastric emptying, so you feel full longer. It signals satiety to your brain, reducing appetite. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and may have direct effects on brain reward pathways.

GLP-1 receptor agonists are medications that mimic this natural hormone but last much longer in your body. They were initially developed for type 2 diabetes because of their effects on insulin and blood sugar. Then researchers noticed that people taking them lost significant weight. This led to clinical trials specifically for obesity, and several are now FDA-approved for weight management.

The weight loss results in clinical trials are genuinely impressive. In studies using high doses of semaglutide 2.4 mg over 68 weeks, people lose on average 15-20% of their body weight. That’s substantially more than what’s typically achieved with behavioral interventions alone.

But here’s what caught my attention as a psychiatrist. These medications appear to have benefits beyond weight loss. Effects on eating behaviors, mood, inflammation, substance use, and possibly other psychiatric symptoms. That’s what makes them relevant to psychiatric practice.

And importantly, you don’t need maximum doses to see benefits. That’s been my clinical experience, and it’s changing how I think about using these medications.

The Safety Profile: Addressing the Concerns First

Before talking about why psychiatrists should prescribe these medications, I need to address safety concerns. Because there have been concerns, particularly about psychiatric adverse events including depression and suicidality.

Here’s what the data actually shows.

Large meta-analyses and pooled data from randomized controlled trials demonstrate that GLP-1 receptor agonists do not increase the risk of depression, anxiety, suicidality, or other serious psychiatric adverse events compared to placebo. Multiple studies, thousands of participants, consistent findings.

The STEP trials (the major trials of semaglutide for weight management) included detailed monitoring of psychiatric symptoms. A post-hoc analysis of STEP 1, 2, 3, and 5 found a small but statistically significant reduction in depressive symptoms with semaglutide compared to placebo. The effect wasn’t large enough to call semaglutide an antidepressant, and both groups remained in the minimal depression range. But it certainly wasn’t causing depression.

Regulatory agencies have weighed in. The FDA and European Medicines Agency both reviewed the data on suicidality concerns and concluded there’s no causal link between GLP-1 receptor agonist use and suicidality. They recommend ongoing surveillance as with any medication, but they haven’t found evidence of increased risk.

This doesn’t mean we stop paying attention. Any medication can have rare adverse effects. Some individuals might have idiosyncratic reactions. We monitor all patients on any medication for emergence of psychiatric symptoms. But the population-level data is reassuring. These medications don’t cause psychiatric problems at rates higher than placebo.

The main side effects are gastrointestinal. Nausea, sometimes vomiting, diarrhea, constipation. These are common, particularly when starting the medication or increasing the dose at typical speeds.

But here’s something important. At the lower doses I typically use, combined with very slow titration, these side effects are much less problematic. Most of my patients have minimal or no nausea. They can eat comfortably. They’re not spending their days feeling sick. This is one major advantage of the low-dose approach.

There are rare but serious potential side effects. Pancreatitis, gallbladder problems, potential thyroid concerns (there’s a black box warning about thyroid C-cell tumors based on rodent studies, though this hasn’t been seen in humans). These need to be part of informed consent regardless of dose.

But from a psychiatric safety perspective, the data is quite good. These medications don’t increase psychiatric risk and may actually improve certain psychiatric symptoms.

The Psychiatric Benefits Beyond Weight Loss

This is where it gets really interesting. GLP-1 receptor agonists appear to have direct effects on mental health and behavior that go beyond what you’d expect from weight loss alone.

Mental health-related quality of life improves. A recent meta-analysis published in JAMA Psychiatry in 2025 looked specifically at this. Across multiple studies in both diabetes and obesity populations, GLP-1 receptor agonists consistently improved mental health-related quality of life compared to placebo. The improvements were statistically significant and appeared independent of the degree of weight loss.

The forest plot from this meta-analysis is striking. Study after study showing improvements in the same direction. That’s not coincidental.

Eating behaviors improve. GLP-1 medications reduce emotional eating and increase eating restraint (in a healthy way, not restrictive disordered eating). They reduce cravings, particularly for high-fat and high-sugar foods. People describe reduced food noise, less constant thinking about food, better ability to stop eating when full.

These effects appear to be mediated by central actions in the brain, not just peripheral effects on the gut. GLP-1 receptors exist in brain regions involved in reward, motivation, and eating behavior. The medications are likely acting directly on these pathways.

This is relevant for psychiatrists because problematic eating behaviors are common in our patients. Emotional eating driven by depression or anxiety. Binge eating disorder. Using food as a primary coping mechanism. If a medication helps with both the psychiatric symptoms and the maladaptive eating behaviors, that’s powerful.

Anti-inflammatory effects benefit mood. This is huge and doesn’t get enough attention. GLP-1 medications reduce inflammatory markers like CRP and other cytokines. Remember from earlier articles how inflammation interferes with neurotransmitter production and contributes to depression? Reducing inflammation directly benefits mood and brain function.

I see this clinically. Patients’ inflammatory markers improve. Their depression improves in ways that seem to go beyond what you’d expect from weight loss or appetite suppression alone. The reduction in systemic inflammation is likely a major contributor to the mood benefits.

And these anti-inflammatory effects don’t require maximum doses. Even modest doses of GLP-1 medications can reduce inflammation, especially when combined with other anti-inflammatory interventions like improved diet, regular movement, stress reduction, and better sleep.

Potential antidepressant effects. The data here is preliminary but intriguing. The STEP trials showed small reductions in depressive symptoms. Some smaller studies suggest possible mood benefits. The mechanisms could include reduced inflammation, improved metabolic health, direct effects on brain reward pathways, or the psychological benefit of successful weight management.

I’m not suggesting GLP-1s are antidepressants. They’re not a replacement for established treatments for major depression. But as an adjunct in people with both obesity and depression? They might provide benefits on both fronts simultaneously.

Effects on substance use. This is perhaps the most exciting emerging area, and we’ll discuss it in detail in upcoming articles. But briefly, there’s growing evidence that GLP-1 receptor agonists may reduce alcohol consumption, possibly help with other substance use, and potentially address some of the reward dysregulation that underlies both obesity and addiction.

A landmark study published in JAMA Psychiatry in 2025 showed that semaglutide significantly reduced alcohol consumption in people with alcohol use disorder. Effect sizes were medium to large. This is genuinely novel.

These aren’t just metabolic medications that happen to help with weight. They’re medications that appear to affect brain systems relevant to psychiatric symptoms and behaviors. That makes them squarely relevant to psychiatric practice.

My Approach: Low Doses Plus Comprehensive Support

Now let me share how I actually use GLP-1 medications in practice, because I think my approach differs from what you might see elsewhere.

I use relatively low doses. Not the maximum doses you see in clinical trials or weight loss clinics. Often I’m using doses well below what’s typically prescribed for weight loss alone. And my patients do really well with this approach.

Why lower doses?

The side effects are much more manageable. The GI side effects that make some people miserable on higher doses are minimal or absent at lower doses. Nausea is mild or doesn’t happen. People can actually eat comfortably. They’re not spending their days feeling sick.

When side effects are minimal, people can stay on the medication long-term. Adherence is better. The treatment becomes sustainable rather than something people try for a few months and then stop because they feel terrible.

The medication becomes a tool, not the whole treatment. At lower doses, the GLP-1 provides support. It reduces appetite somewhat. It helps with cravings and food noise. It makes the lifestyle and psychological work more feasible. But it’s not doing all the heavy lifting.

This is important to me. I don’t want patients thinking a medication will solve everything. The psychological work matters. Understanding emotional eating. Developing better stress management. Addressing trauma or other factors that contributed to weight struggles. Building sustainable habits around eating and activity.

The lower dose GLP-1 makes this work easier. It removes some of the biological barriers. But the patient is still actively engaged in their treatment, not passively receiving a medication and hoping it fixes everything.

We still get meaningful results. You might think lower doses mean worse outcomes. That hasn’t been my experience. When combined with comprehensive psychological and lifestyle support, patients lose meaningful amounts of weight at lower doses. Not always 15-20% like the high-dose clinical trials, but 5-10% is common. And even 5% weight loss produces significant metabolic and mental health benefits.

More importantly, patients maintain these losses better because they’ve built the skills and habits that support maintenance. They haven’t just relied on a medication to suppress appetite. They’ve learned to work with their body and mind in new ways.

What comprehensive treatment actually looks like:

My typical approach with a patient who might benefit from a GLP-1 looks something like this:

We start with thorough assessment. What’s driving their obesity? What’s driving their depression or anxiety? What’s the role of stress, trauma, eating patterns, inflammation, sleep, relationships? We need to understand the whole picture.

Then we build a comprehensive treatment plan. Therapy addressing the psychological factors. Stress reduction techniques like the ones we discussed in previous articles. Sleep optimization. Nutritional support focusing on anti-inflammatory eating patterns. Gradual increase in physical activity that feels sustainable. Addressing weight stigma and building self-compassion.

And yes, medication. Sometimes an antidepressant if indicated, chosen carefully to avoid metabolic side effects. Often a low-dose GLP-1 to support the metabolic and eating behavior aspects. The medications are part of the plan, not the whole plan.

We start the GLP-1 at the lowest dose. We increase slowly only if needed and tolerated. Many patients do beautifully at doses that would be considered “subtherapeutic” by weight loss clinic standards. But in the context of comprehensive treatment, they’re quite effective.

We monitor inflammatory markers along with other labs. I’m watching for improvements in CRP and other inflammatory indicators because those improvements predict mood benefits. When inflammation decreases, depression often improves even before significant weight loss occurs.

This approach requires more time and expertise. I’m not just writing a prescription and seeing someone back in three months. I’m providing ongoing therapy or working closely with a therapist. I’m helping with meal planning and eating behaviors. I’m monitoring multiple aspects of health. I’m adjusting the plan as we learn what works for this individual.

Not every provider can or wants to practice this way. It’s time-intensive. It requires expertise in multiple areas. But for patients dealing with complex interactions between metabolic and mental health, this comprehensive approach with lower-dose medications as one component works really well.

Who Are the Ideal Candidates?

Not everyone with obesity needs a GLP-1 medication. And not everyone with depression needs one. But there are specific populations where prescribing these medications as part of psychiatric care makes particular sense.

Patients with both obesity and depression or anxiety. This is the core group. People dealing with both conditions where the obesity is likely contributing to mental health symptoms (through inflammation, metabolic effects, weight stigma) and the mental health symptoms are contributing to obesity (through effects on eating, activity, sleep, stress hormones).

For these patients, a medication that addresses both concerns simultaneously is ideal. Instead of prescribing an antidepressant that might cause weight gain (making one problem better while worsening the other), we can consider a low-dose GLP-1 that might help both while the patient engages in therapy and lifestyle changes.

Patients with treatment-resistant depression and obesity. When standard antidepressants aren’t working well, particularly in the context of obesity and likely elevated inflammation, trying something that addresses the metabolic dysfunction and reduces inflammation makes sense. It’s a different mechanism than traditional psychiatric medications.

Patients with binge eating disorder. The effects on eating behaviors, reduced food preoccupation, and decreased binge urges make GLP-1s potentially very useful for binge eating disorder. Combined with therapy addressing the psychological aspects of binge eating, even low doses can make a significant difference.

Patients with obesity and substance use disorders. Particularly alcohol use disorder where the evidence is strongest. This is off-label use currently, but the data is compelling enough that it deserves consideration for appropriate patients.

Patients on psychiatric medications causing weight gain. Many psychiatric medications cause significant weight gain. Atypical antipsychotics are the worst offenders, but some antidepressants and mood stabilizers do too. When someone needs to stay on a psychiatric medication that’s working for their mental health but is causing problematic weight gain, adding a low-dose GLP-1 might allow them to maintain their psychiatric stability while addressing the metabolic consequences.

Patients who haven’t succeeded with behavioral approaches alone. After comprehensive attempts at behavioral weight management haven’t produced adequate results, medication becomes appropriate. GLP-1s are effective for weight loss, and at lower doses combined with ongoing support, they’re more sustainable.

Patients with elevated inflammatory markers. When lab work shows elevated CRP or other inflammatory indicators, and inflammation appears to be contributing to both obesity and depression, a GLP-1’s anti-inflammatory effects become particularly valuable. We’re not just treating weight. We’re addressing a biological mechanism maintaining both conditions.

Not everyone in these categories needs or wants a GLP-1 medication. But they’re populations where prescribing these medications as part of integrated psychiatric care makes clinical sense.

The Integrative Psychopharmacology Framework

This brings me to a broader point about how I think about prescribing as a psychiatrist.

I practice what I call integrative psychopharmacology. That means I’m not just managing neurotransmitters. I’m thinking about the whole person. Their metabolic health, inflammatory status, stress hormones, sleep, gut health, nutrition. All the systems that affect both mental and physical health.

This isn’t fringe. It’s increasingly becoming the standard for good psychiatric practice, at least for those of us who specialize in complex cases where standard approaches haven’t worked.

In this framework, prescribing a low-dose GLP-1 medication for a patient with both obesity and depression isn’t outside my scope. It’s part of comprehensive treatment that addresses interconnected systems simultaneously. The medication supports the psychological and behavioral work. It reduces inflammation. It makes healthy eating patterns more achievable. It’s one tool in a comprehensive toolkit.

I already prescribe medications with metabolic effects. I already monitor metabolic parameters. I already think about the metabolic consequences of psychiatric medications. I already collaborate with patients’ other providers about their metabolic health.

Using GLP-1s at lower doses as part of integrated treatment is a logical extension of what I already do. It’s not about expanding scope to grab more patients or bill for more services. It’s about being able to provide more comprehensive, integrated care for the patients I already see.

Practical Considerations: Training and Monitoring

That said, psychiatrists shouldn’t just start prescribing GLP-1s without appropriate preparation. There are things we need to know and do.

Training is essential. You need to understand the pharmacology of these medications, dosing, titration schedules, contraindications, side effect management. You need to understand when to order which labs and what to monitor. You need to know about rare but serious adverse effects and how to recognize them.

This training exists. Professional organizations are developing it. Some of us have sought it out independently through diabetes and obesity medicine resources. But it needs to be formal and comprehensive, not just reading a few articles.

Metabolic monitoring is required. This isn’t just writing a prescription and seeing someone every few months. You need to check baseline labs including inflammatory markers. Monitor appropriately. Be alert for complications. Know when to refer for complications you can’t manage.

For psychiatrists not already comfortable with metabolic monitoring, this requires developing new skills. But honestly, we should have these skills anyway given the metabolic effects of psychiatric medications we already prescribe.

Nutritional support helps. GLP-1 medications work better when combined with nutritional counseling and support. Patients need guidance about eating small frequent meals, ensuring adequate protein, staying hydrated, taking vitamins. At lower doses, people can eat more normally than at higher doses, but support is still valuable.

This might mean having a dietitian as part of your practice, or having good referral relationships with dietitians who understand both obesity and mental health. It’s part of the comprehensive approach.

Therapy remains central. The low-dose medication approach only works well when combined with good psychological treatment. Someone needs to be addressing the emotional eating, the stress, the trauma, the maladaptive patterns. That might be me providing therapy, or it might be a therapist I work closely with. But it needs to happen.

Ongoing psychiatric monitoring remains essential. Just because these medications don’t increase psychiatric risk at the population level doesn’t mean we stop monitoring individual patients. We watch for changes in mood, eating behaviors, substance use, anything concerning. We don’t assume the medication will only have positive effects.

Collaborative care is important. Even when psychiatrists prescribe GLP-1s, collaboration with primary care, endocrinology, or other providers is valuable. Particularly for complex patients with multiple medical conditions. We don’t need to manage everything, but we need to communicate and coordinate.

Addressing Barriers and Concerns

Several barriers prevent more psychiatrists from prescribing GLP-1 medications. Let me address them.

“It’s outside my scope of practice.” Is it though? We prescribe medications with profound metabolic effects already. We monitor metabolic parameters already. If scope of practice is about competency rather than tradition, and if we obtain appropriate training, then prescribing medications that affect both metabolic and mental health falls within an expanded but reasonable scope for psychiatrists specializing in metabolic-psychiatric care.

“Primary care or endocrinology should prescribe these.” Sure, they could. But in reality, many primary care providers are overwhelmed and don’t have time for the careful monitoring and support these medications require, especially the psychological support. Endocrinologists often have long wait times and may not understand or address the psychiatric aspects adequately.

If I’m already providing comprehensive care for a patient’s mental health and I understand their metabolic issues, it may make more sense for me to prescribe and monitor the GLP-1 rather than sending them to yet another provider who won’t address the integrated picture.

“I don’t feel comfortable with the metabolic monitoring required.” This is a legitimate concern that speaks to the need for proper training. The solution isn’t to avoid prescribing them. It’s to get the training you need to prescribe them competently. The monitoring isn’t that complicated once you understand it.

“Insurance won’t reimburse me for this.” This is complicated and varies. But the reality is that if you’re providing appropriate care that’s documented properly, the specific medication you prescribe doesn’t typically affect whether psychiatric care is reimbursed. You’re still doing psychiatric assessment, monitoring, and management. The prescription is part of that care.

“What if something goes wrong?” This is a risk with any medication. We manage this through appropriate informed consent, proper monitoring, and staying within our competency. The same way we manage risk with psychiatric medications that have serious potential side effects.

Using lower doses with comprehensive support actually reduces risk. Side effects are minimal. People are being monitored carefully. They have ongoing support to address problems early if they emerge.

“The medications are expensive.” They are, and access is a real problem. But that’s true whether psychiatrists or endocrinologists prescribe them. It’s an argument for fighting for better insurance coverage and pricing, not for psychiatrists avoiding prescribing them.

Some patients can access them. Some insurance does cover them for appropriate indications. For those who can access them, having a psychiatrist who can prescribe them as part of integrated care is valuable.

My Position: Yes, With Preparation

I think psychiatrists who work with patients dealing with both metabolic and mental health concerns should absolutely consider prescribing GLP-1 medications as part of integrated care.

Not every psychiatrist needs to do this. If you primarily treat anxiety or depression in people without significant metabolic concerns, maybe this isn’t relevant to your practice. That’s fine.

But for those of us who specialize in metabolic psychiatry, who see patients with both obesity and mental health conditions, who understand the bidirectional relationships between these systems, GLP-1 medications are a valuable tool we should have available.

In my practice, I use these medications as one component of comprehensive treatment, often at lower doses than you might see in weight loss clinics. Combined with therapy, lifestyle interventions, and attention to inflammation and other biological factors, even modest doses can produce meaningful results with minimal side effects. The medication supports the work, but it’s not the whole treatment.

The evidence supports their safety in psychiatric populations. The data shows psychiatric benefits beyond weight loss, including anti-inflammatory effects that directly benefit mood. The medications address a key component (obesity) that’s often worsening our patients’ mental health.

Prescribing them fits within an integrative psychopharmacology framework that takes seriously the interconnections between metabolic and mental health.

The requirements are real. Proper training. Competent monitoring. Appropriate patient selection. Comprehensive informed consent. Ongoing assessment. Integration with therapy and lifestyle interventions. But these aren’t barriers that can’t be overcome. They’re standards we should meet.

This is where the field is going. More psychiatrists will incorporate metabolic medications into their practice as the evidence base grows and as we develop better training pathways. I think that’s a positive development for patients who need integrated care.

What This Means for Patients

If you’re a patient reading this wondering what it means for you, here’s what I’d want you to know.

If you’re dealing with both obesity and depression or anxiety, asking your psychiatrist about GLP-1 medications is completely reasonable. Not all psychiatrists prescribe them currently, but it’s a fair question to ask.

If your psychiatrist doesn’t prescribe them but thinks they might be helpful for you, they should be able to refer you to someone who does. Ideally someone who understands both the metabolic and psychiatric aspects and who takes a comprehensive approach rather than just writing prescriptions.

These medications aren’t magic. They work best as part of comprehensive treatment. In my practice, I use lower doses than the maximum, combined with therapy, lifestyle changes, and attention to factors like inflammation and stress. This approach minimizes side effects while still getting good results. The medication makes the psychological and behavioral work more feasible, but you’re still actively engaged in your treatment, not just passively taking a pill.

The medications are expensive, though some insurance does cover them for appropriate indications. Side effects are mostly GI symptoms, and these are much less problematic at lower doses with slow titration. They require ongoing monitoring.

But for the right patients, combined with comprehensive support, they can be genuinely helpful for both weight and mental health. They represent a new option that wasn’t available even a few years ago. The anti-inflammatory effects alone make them worth considering for people with both obesity and depression, especially when inflammation appears to be a significant factor.

The key is finding a provider who understands how to use these medications as tools within a larger treatment framework. Not as magic pills that will solve everything, but as support that makes other positive changes more achievable.

Whether or not you end up taking a GLP-1 medication, the broader point stands. Your metabolic health and mental health are connected. Finding providers who understand that connection and treat both together, using medications thoughtfully as part of comprehensive care, is valuable.

In the next article, we’ll dig deeper into the mental health effects of GLP-1 medications. What the research actually shows about depression, anxiety, and quality of life. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms in more detail. How to separate hype from evidence. What to realistically expect.

References

1. Pierret ACS, Mizuno Y, Saunders P, et al. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025;82(7):643-653.
   
2. Wadden TA, Brown GK, Egebjerg C, et al. Psychiatric Safety of Semaglutide for Weight Management in People Without Known Major Psychopathology: Post Hoc Analysis of the STEP 1, 2, 3, and 5 Trials. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2024;184(11):1290-1300.
   
3. Sa B, Maristany A, Subramaniam A, et al. Psychiatric Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review of Emerging Evidence. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2025;. doi:10.1111/dom.70198.
   
4. Bucciarelli L, Cimino V, Dell’Osso B, Fiorina P. Psychotropic Effects of GLP-1R Agonists. Pharmacological Research. 2025;:108036.
   
5. Carminati M, Tondello M, Concina A, Olgiati P, Zanardi R. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Semaglutide Through the Lens of Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of Potential Benefits and Risks. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2025;:00004850-990000000-00170.
   
6. Hendershot CS, Bremmer MP, Paladino MB, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025;82(4):395-405.
   
7. Lähteenvuo M, Tiihonen J, Solismaa A, et al. Repurposing Semaglutide and Liraglutide for Alcohol Use Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025;82(1):94-98.
   
8. Wharton S, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al. Two-Year Effect of Semaglutide 2.4 mg on Control of Eating in Adults With Overweight/Obesity: STEP 5. Obesity. 2023;31(3):703-715.
   
9. Chao AM, Wadden TA, Walsh OA, et al. Effects of Liraglutide and Behavioral Weight Loss on Food Cravings, Eating Behaviors, and Eating Disorder Psychopathology. Obesity. 2019;27(12):2005-2010.
   
10. Følling IS, Reigstad SL, Hyldmo ÅA, Helvik AS. Patient Experiences With Liraglutide for Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder-a Qualitative Study. PloS One. 2025;20(10):e0335806.